What is Zero Trust Architecture?

The foundational principle of zero trust architecture (ZTA) is this: Assuming trust anywhere in network security is a flawed approach and no longer sufficient against today’s advanced cyberthreats, implicit trust should never be granted to a user, device, or application based only on that user, device, or application’s location on a secure network. 

Zero trust is not a product, service, or technology; rather it’s a strategy and standard, and one that more enterprises are adopting in place of outdated security approaches. 

In this article, we’ll discuss what ZTA is, why it’s augmenting traditional perimeter network security, and how to implement it.

Why Is Zero Trust Architecture So Important Today?

Modern threats have proven that traditional approaches are no longer sufficient in cybersecurity. In today’s landscape, trust should never be assumed. When it is, it opens enterprises up to cyberattacks that prey on human emotions and assumptions (e.g., social engineering). Trust is an inherently human concept, which makes it flawed in a digital scenario. 

Networks are no longer fortresses in which anyone who gains access is automatically trustworthy, who they say they are, or working with good intentions. Cyber attackers can easily disguise themselves as trustworthy once inside a network, gaining access to systems within the network with ease. 

But that’s not all: Network perimeters are getting harder to define and protect with remote work and hybrid cloud environments. The notion of a traditional network perimeter has given way to a blurrier, more complex attack surface area and security measures must evolve along with it. 

How a Zero Trust Architecture Is Implemented

A zero trust architecture (ZTA) is not a catchall in cybersecurity, but it is a vast improvement on traditional network security techniques. ZTA assumes that threats may exist both inside and outside the network, then applies that logic to the access controls of everything within the network. Every user and system, regardless of their location, must authenticate and validate their identity before accessing network resources.

Understanding Zero Trust Architecture: The Core Principles

The core principles of ZTA are the pillars that support every aspect:

Never trust, always verify. 

Every single new connection attempt should be treated with rigorous authentication and authorization. This ensures that users and systems only access the resources they need to perform their tasks and limits access to sensitive data and systems.

Implement least privilege. 

Only grant users and applications the minimum amount of access needed to do their jobs, such as admins. 

Assume a breach will occur. 

This pillar is proactive and encourages teams to plan for the worst case scenario. Organizations are more likely to have planned ahead and practiced, with protections in place, how to avoid a worst-case scenario, such as immutable snapshots and tiered backup architectures.

Six Key Components of Zero Trust Architecture

Put together, the essential components of zero trust architecture help enterprises address security gaps and risks from the inside out. These components are:

1. Data-centric security: Zero trust focuses on data protection rather than solely relying on network perimeter security. This approach ensures that sensitive data remains secure, regardless of where it resides or who accesses it. Encryption and tokenization techniques also ensure that sensitive data is protected both in transit and at rest. 
2. Identity verification: Multi-factor authentication is a fundamental aspect of zero trust. Before granting access, multi-factor authentication, biometrics, or other secure methods are used to identity verification. 
3. Micro-segmentation: Network segments are divided into smaller, isolated zones to limit the potential impact of a security breach. This means that even if one part of the network is compromised, the attacker’s access is limited.
4. Least privilege access: Users and systems are given the minimum level of access or permissions necessary to perform their tasks. This principle restricts unnecessary access, reducing the potential attack surface.
5. Continuous monitoring: Zero trust continuously monitors network activity and user behavior in real-time. Any suspicious activity or deviations from normal behavior can trigger alerts or automated security responses.
6. Security automation: Automation is used to enforce security policies and respond to threats promptly. Automated systems can detect anomalies, assess risks, and take predefined actions without human intervention.

How Are Traditional Perimeter-Based Security Models Different From  Zero Trust?

Perimeter security is still an important component to any security posture, but it’s no longer enough on its own. Why? Let’s look at a few ways traditional perimeter security falls short.

It assumes trust inside the network.

Traditional perimeter-based security models focus on the perimeter, then assume trustworthiness of the user, device, or application once it’s within that perimeter. From there, access privileges are granted regardless of identity, status, and other factors. Zero trust focuses on what’s inside the perimeter, requiring devices and users to authenticate and validate.

Access control inside the network is broad, not narrow.

One inside the network, traditional perimeter security gives users broad access to resources. The zero-trust approach is more fine-grained. It does not grant access control across the board, instead granting the minimum level of access on a by-user basis, based on identity, device status (on or off the network), and other factors.

It relies solely on network perimeter security measures.

Firewalls, gateways, and other policies are the prevailing defense mechanisms in traditional perimeter-based security, but once inside, access is broad. Zero trust focuses on what is allowed once inside the network, assuming its defenses can be penetrated at any time.

Network segmentation isn’t always well isolated.

Dividing networks into segments is a good practice for isolating breaches and preventing the spread of an attack. However, traditional network security can still be too broad. Zero-trust networks take a micro-segmentation approach that limits an attacker’s movements if they breach the perimeter.

Monitoring is limited to the perimeter, not internal activities.

Modern cyber security relies heavily on real-time monitoring, automation, and log data to catch suspicious activity faster. But monitoring the perimeter alone is not enough. Zero trust continuously monitors internal activities to trigger alerts to anomalous activity. 

It’s difficult to retrofit old security postures to modern IT environments.

The introduction of cloud services, remote work, BYOD policies, and more have created a landscape that’s often too diverse for old methods to capture. Zero trust is more dynamic and adaptable at the outset, and more easily applied to today’s IT environments.

Benefits of Zero Trust Architecture

We covered the shortcomings of traditional network security approaches vs. a zero trust architecture. What are some other advantages of implementing zero trust architecture?

• Improved threat detection and rapid incident response. Continuous monitoring and automated responses can quarantine compromised systems or restrict user access, minimizing the time attackers have to access sensitive data.
• Addressing insider threats: By restricting even authorized users to the minimum necessary privileges, enterprises can head off accidental or intentional data breaches by employees or other trusted entities.
• Reduced attack surface area and lateral attacks. Micro-segmentation reduces lateral movement. Even if an attacker gains access to part of the network, containment limits the potential damage they can do from moving laterally.
• Vendor risk management: Enterprises can extend zero trust principles to third-party vendor access, ensuring that even external entities  are subject to the same stringent security controls as internal users.

How Does Zero Trust Help with Compliance with Regulatory Requirements?

For industries with stringent regulatory requirements regarding sensitive data, zero trust helps compliance by enforcing many regulatory standards such as strict access controls, audit trails, and continuous monitoring. 

Many regulations also mandate multifactor authentication and encryption, which ZTA frameworks can help to implement. Zero trust models’ robust auditing and logging results in detailed audit trails, which are essential for compliance purposes. Zero trust requires organizations to maintain comprehensive records, which help facilitate compliance audits and investigations.

Embarking on The Zero Trust Architecture Journey

Zero trust is a journey you undertake with outcomes that lead you closer to a zero trust environment. On that journey, you’ll likely visit and revisit the following steps numerous times:

Step 1: Assess Current Security Measures

This step often includes:

• Creating an inventory of all IT assets: Devices, applications, databases, and sensitive data repositories.
• Identifying and classifying sensitive data: Determine what data is sensitive, where it resides, and who has access to it. 
• Assessing access controls: Evaluate areas where access is overly permissive and should be restricted.
• Evaluate network segmentation: How well are critical assets isolated?
• Review authentication methods: How strong are authentication methods? Is multi-factor authentication (MFA) implemented? How extensively?

Step 2: Define Zero Trust Principles

To execute on the core principles, implement:

• Least privilege access: Ensure users and systems have the minimum access necessary to perform their tasks.
• Micro-segmentation: Divide the network into smaller, isolated segments with strict access controls between segments.
• Continuous Monitoring: Implement solutions to analyze user and system behavior in real-time, detecting anomalies and potential security threats.
• Multi-factor authentication (MFA): Protects users by requiring multiple independent methods of authentication.
• Data-centric security: Secure the data itself with encryption and tokenization techniques to protect data in transit and at rest.

Step 3: Design and Plan Implementation

To design a custom ZTA:

• Create a zero trust roadmap: Outline the steps, including specific tasks, responsible parties, and timelines.
• Segment the network: Isolate critical assets into segments and apply access controls to each based on user identity, device status, etc.
• Implement identity and access management (IAM): Deploy IAM solutions to centralize user authentication and authorization processes.
• Integrate security tools: Integrate security tools for continuous monitoring, threat detection, and incident response. Implement automation to respond swiftly to security incidents.
• Provide employee training: Educate employees about the new model and what it means to them.

Challenges of Zero Trust Architectures and Tips to Overcome Them

Challenge #1: Internal resistance to change, complexity, or poor user experience

A multitude of new authentication steps and changes to a user’s access controls could lead to some resistance from those used to more relaxed measures or high-level access.

Tip: First, head this off with user-friendly solutions such as biometric recognition, mobile authentication apps, or single sign-on (SSO) solutions to ease the burden on users while maintaining security. Education, communication, and addressing concerns by demonstrating the benefits will help gain trust.

Challenge #2: Complexity of implementing and integrating into existing systems

The larger the environment and the more legacy systems in place, the more difficult it can be to get the finely grained controls ZTA requires.

Tip: When possible, invest in modern platforms and systems that provide better visibility, such as unified data storage platforms. APIs can also help to bridge gaps between legacy and modern. Otherwise, begin with a pilot program to start small and leverage automation where possible. 

Challenge #3: Budget and resource limitations 

Tip: Explore open-source tools and solutions for lower initial upfront costs and cloud services for scalable options. Also, try starting small and piloting ZTA on the most critical assets and data.

Challenge #4: Integrating third-party vendors and partners. 

Tip: Communicate, standardize, and assess. Make sure vendors and partners are aware of new security requirements to ensure they align. Regularly assess their security practices, and on your end, implement strict access controls and limited privileges on your network for external vendors.

Challenge #5: Scaling as the organization grows. 

Accommodating the growth of a large enterprise can be complex.

Tip: Take a modular approach to ZTA implementation for easier expansion as the organization grows. Gain flexibility with cloud-based security options that can help you adapt and scale.

Is Zero Trust Architecture the Answer to Modern Threats?

Yes and no. Enterprises absolutely must evolve constantly to stay ahead of threats. Every step to improve is a step in the right direction. However, what matters most is data resiliency. How resilient is their data when an attack does occur, and how quickly can they recover? Pure Storage immutable snapshots and a tiered resiliency architecture built on Pure Storage solutions are the best way organizations can bounce back after an attack.

Learn more: What is a data resiliency architecture and how do you build one? 

Conclusion

Zero trust is an important shift in cybersecurity strategy and an essential component for safeguarding sensitive data in today’s digital landscape. Most importantly, it’s a data-centric strategy—something every policy should be in an era where data is so valuable and at high risk. 

At Pure Storage data protection is built into its Evergreen architecture via ActiveDR™, ActiveCluster™, and SafeMode™ Snapshot capabilities. By adopting zero trust principles and a resiliency architecture with Pure Storage, your organization can significantly enhance your security posture and protect sensitive data from the effects of cyber threats.